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Minimal Enclosing (Score:2)
What you would appear to be wanting to do, is to find an as small as possible character set that contains every single character in your text. That appears to be related to finding a minimum size geometric shape that contains every vertex in a set. Terms that spring to mind are minimal enclosing circle [google.com] or rectangle [google.com] — the latter is also known as bounding box [wikipedia.org].
It's up to you to distill a proper name out of this, but I'm somewhat thinking in the direction of "Minimal Enclosing Charset". Heh.
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